How does a plasma arc cutting torch convert the cutting gas into plasma?

A plasma arc cutting torch converts the cutting gas into plasma by passing the gas through an electric arc inside the torch. When the gas flows through the torch and encounters the electric arc, the energy from the arc ionizes the gas molecules. This ionization process transforms the gas into a hot, electrically conductive state known as plasma. Plasma consists of free electrons and ions, and it can reach extremely high temperatures, necessary for cutting through metal.

The efficiency of this process is critical, as it enables the torch to create a focused and powerful stream of plasma that can achieve the high speed needed for effective cutting. This interaction between the gas and the electric arc is fundamental to the functionality of plasma arc cutting technology, distinguishing it from other methods that may utilize different mechanisms.